X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP SELVTEST I STOFSKIFTEPLAKATEN

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP PART I: LOKALISERING

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Vitamin B12

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Biotin

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Lipoat

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP TPP (Thiamin Pyrophosphat)

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP FAD

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Vitamin C

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP PLP (Pyridoxalphosphat)

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP THF → C 1 THF reaktioner

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP C 1 THF → THF reaktioner

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP NADP + → NADPH

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP NADPH → NADP + x 2

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP CO 2 forbrug

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP CO 2 dannet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Glycin

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Mitochondrielle enzymer

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP ER reaktioner

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Enzymer der primært eller kun findes i leveren + skeletmusklutaur + nyre og tarm + nyre + mælkekirtler + til dels i andre væv

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Enzymer der ikke findes i leveren erythrocytter milt

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP PART II: SPECIFIKKE ENZYMER

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Glykolyse 1) Glucokinase / Hexokinase 2) ATP → ADP 3) Glucokinase stimuleres af insulin (syntese) 4) Km forskellig Klik her for at springe over 1) Isomerase 1) PFK 2) ATP → ADP 3) aktiverer: F26-PP (insulin), AMP, ADP hæmmer: F6P (glukagon), citrat, ATP 1) Aldolase 4) Fra hexosephosphat (6C) til 2 x triosephosphat (3C) 1) DH 2) Pi + NAD ↔ NADH 4) Phosphorylering uden ATP 1) kinase 2) ATP ↔ ADP 1) isomerase 1) enloase 2) 2PG ↔ PEP + H 2 0 1) PK 2) PEP + ADP ↔ Pyruvat + ATP 3) Aktiverer: F1,6P (pos. forward), insulin (dephos + syntese) Hæmmer: glukagon (phos + syntese), alanin 1) LDH 2) Pyruvat + NADH ↔ Laktat + NAD 1) Mutase 4) Kun i lever og skeletmuskulatur 1) Glykogen synthase 2) Glc n + UDP-G → glc n+1 + UDP 3) Aktiverer (til a): Insulin (dephos) Hæmmer (til b): Glukagon (phos) Inducerer b: G6P 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Fructose metabolisme 1) Fructokinase 2) ATP → ADP 4) Primært i lever, nyre og tarm. Lavere Km end glucokinase 1) Aldolase B 1) Isomerase 1) Triokinase 2) ATP → ADP Klik her for at springe over 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Gluconeogenese 1) Glykogen phosphorylase 2) Glc n + Pi→ G1P 3) Aktiverer (til a): Glukagon (phos), AMP (muskel) Hæmmer (til b): Insulin (dephos) Inducerer b: AMP (i muskel) Hæmmer a: frit glucose (i lever) 4) a og b form 1) Glucose phosphatase 2) → Pi 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese), G6P (pos. feedforward) 4) Kun i lever og nyre 1) F1,6 bisphosphatase 2) → Pi 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (÷ F2,6-PP og syntese), ATP, Citrat Hæmmer: AMP/ADP 1) Pyruvat carboxylase 2) ATP + CO 2 → ADP 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese) 4) Mitochondriel. Cofaktor Biotin 1) PEP carboxykinase 2) GTP → GDP 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese) 4) Mitochondriel. Klik her for at springe over 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Klik her for at springe over Lipogenese (velnæret) 1) ATP citrat lyase 2) ATP → ADP + Pi 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 1) Citrat syntase 4) Mitochondriel (Citrat diff til cytosol) 1) Malat DH 2) Oxaloacetat + NADH → malat + NAD 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 1) Malatenzymet 2) NADP → NADPH 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 4) Leverer 1 NADPH til fedtsyresyntesen (PPP den anden) 1) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2) ATP + CO 2 → ADP + Pi 3) Aktiverer: Insulin (dephosphorylering) 4) Cofaktor: biotin 1) Fedtsyresynthase kompleks 2) Per cyklus: 2 NADPH → 2 NADP + H 2 O 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! 1) Glycerol 3P acyl transferase 3) Aktiverer: Insulin! (lever) 1) DH 3) DHAP + NADH ↔ Glycerol-3P + NAD 4) Fedtvæv 1) PDH 2) Pyruvat + NAD → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO 2 3) Aktivering: Insulin (dephos) Hæmmer: Glukagon (phos) 4) Mitochondrielt. Cofaktorer: FAD, lipoat, TPP 1) Glycerolkinase 3) ATP → ADP 4) Lever 1) Reductase 2) NADPH → NADP 3) Aktiverer: Insulin (dephos) Hæmmer: frit cholesterol 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Klik her for at springe over Lipolyse og ketogenese (faste) 1) Medieres af carnitin-palmitoyl transferase 3) Aktiverer: Glukagon (syntese) Hæmmer: frit malonyl-CoA 4) Transport til mitochondrierne 1) DH 2) FAD → FADH 2 4) Mitochondrie 1) DH 2) NAD → NADH 4) Mitochondrie 1) Thiolase 4) Mitochondrie 1) Hydratase 2) H 2 O → 4) Mitochondrie 1) Thiolase 4) Mitochondrie 1) Synthase 4) Mitochondrie 1) Lyase 2) → Acetyl-CoA 4) Mitochondrie 1) DH 2) Acetoacetat + NADH ↔ βHB + NAD 4) Mitochondrie 1) Transferase (acetoacetat succinyl-CoA CoA-transferase) 2) HMG-CoA + succinyl-CoA → acetoacetyl-CoA + succinat 4) Mitochondrie. Ekstrahepatisk 1) Hormonsensitiv lipase 2) 3 H 2 O → 3) Aktivering: Adrenalin (dephos), fravær af insulin (÷phos) 4) Fedtvæv 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Nitrogenkredsløbet 1) DH 2) NADH ell. NADPH ↔ NAD ell. NADP 1) Forsk. transaminaser 2) AS ↔ α-ketosyre + NH 4 + 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Carbamoyl-P synthetase 2) 2ATP → 2 ADP + Pi 3) hæmmer: H + (mere glutamin fra periportale hepatocytter = pH regulation) 4) Leverens mitochondrier 1) Transcarbamoylase 4) Leverens mitochondrier 1) Synthetase 2) ATP → AMP + PPi 4) Leveren (cytosol). Ekstra N tilføres 1) Lyase 4) Leveren (cytosol) 1) Arginase 2) H 2 O → 4) Leveren (cytosol) 1N 3N 4N 2N 1N 0N Klik her for at springe over 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Non-essentielle glucogene aminosyrer 1) Alanin transaminase 4) Cofaktor: PLP Klik her for at springe over 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet 1) Glutamat dehydrogenase eller transaminering 4) Cofaktor: PLP hvis transaminering 1) Glutaminase 2) H 2 O → NH 4 + 1) Glutamin synthethase 2) ATP+ NH 4 + → ADP + Pi 1) Asparaginase 2) H 2 O→ NH 4 + 1) Asparagin synthethase 2) ATP+ NH 4 + → AMP + PPi 1) Aspartat transaminase 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Hydroxymethyltransferase 2) Serin + THF ↔ Glycin + C 1 THF 4) Cofaktor: PLP 1) Kløvningsreaktion! 2) Glycin + THF + NAD ↔ C 1 THF + NADH + NH 4 + 1) Dehydratase

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP SAM cyklus Klik her for at springe over 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet 2) C 1 THF → THF 4) Cofaktorer: B 12. 2) ATP → PPi + Pi 2) → CH 4 4) Indgår i methyleringsreaktioner (grøn markering) 2) H 2 O→ Adenosin

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Nucleotidsyntese 1) PRPP syntethase 2) ATP→ AMP 1) PRPP amidotransferase 2) H 2 O + glutamin → PPi + glutamat 3) Hæmmes af IMP, AMP og GMP 1) HGPRT 2) PRPP→ PP 3) Hæmmes af IMP og GMP 4) Salvage pathway 1) APRT 2) PRPP→ PP 3) Hæmmes af AMP 4) Salvage pathway 1) Oxidase 2) H O 2 → H 2 O 2 4) Coenzym: FAD 1) Carbamoyl-P Synthethase II 2) Glutamin + 2ATP → glutamat + 2ADP + Pi 3) Hæmmes af CTP 4) Cytoplasmatisk (smlg. urea syntese) Klik her for at springe over 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet 1) DH (oxidativ vej) 2) NAD → NADH 3) Insulin stimulerer 1) Ribonucleotid reductase 2) Ribonucleosid-PP + NADPH → Deoxyribonucleosid + NADP + 3) Alle hæmmes af dATP 1) HGPRT 2) PRPP→ PP 3) Hæmmes af IMP og GMP 4) Salvage pathway 1) Transketolase og transaldolase (non-oxidativ vej) 3) Insulin uafhængige 4) Cofaktor for transketolase: TPP

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Hæm metabolisme 1) ALA synthase 3) Hæmmer: Frit Hæm 4) Mitochondrier i Hæmsyntetiserende organer 1) Enzymnavn 2) Reaktion 3) Regulation 4) Andet 1) Synthase + cosynthase 1) Oxygenase 2) NADPH + 2O 2 → NADP + CO + H 2 O 4) Miltens ER. Eneste CO reaktion i kroppen! 1) Reductase 2) NADPH → NADP 4) Milten Klik her for at springe over

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP PART III: HALVKVÆDET VISE OM HORMONEL REGULERING

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Insulinstimulerede enzymer i lever Glucokinase: øget syntese PFK: F2,6-PP PK: dephosphorylering + F1,6-PP Glykogen synthase: dephosphorylering Pyruvat DH (mit): dephosphorylering ATP Citrat lyase (cyt): ? mekanisme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: dephospforylering Fedtsyresynthase kompleks: ? mekanisme HMG-CoA reductase: Dephospforylering G6P DH: ? mekanisme (NADPH til lipogenese) Klik her for at springe over

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Insulinstimulerede enzymer i skeletmuskulatur GLUT4: transport af carrier til plasmamembran Glykogen synthase: dephosphorylering PFK: ? mekanisme Klik her for at springe over

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP X Insulinstimulerede enzymer i fedtvæv GLUT4: transport af carrier til plasmamembran LPL: ? mekanisme (ekstracellulært) PFK: ? mekanisme X Pyruvat DH (mit): dephosphorylering G6P DH: ukendt regulering Glycerol 3P acyl transferase: ? mekanimse (intracellulært) X X Klik her for at springe over

X Adenin © Troels Brynskov 2005 x 7 x 6 x 4 AMP IMP GMP Glukagonstimulerde enzymer i leveren Glykogen phosphorylase: phosphorylering G6 phosphatase: øget syntese Pyruvat carboxylase: acetyl-CoA (allosterisk). PEP carboxykinase: øget syntese F1,6-bisphosphatase: fravær af F2,6-PP FFA til β oxidation fås fra fedtvæv (÷insulin → ÷ hæmning af hormonsensitiv lipase).  leveren er velnæret! Carnitin palmitoyl-CoA transferase: ÷ malonyl-CoA og øget syntese Klik her for at springe over