Moderne amerikanske tv-serier BA ES2013 Bo Kampmann Walther Udviklingslinjer

Den tidligste tv-historie i USA – Philo Farnsworth demonstrerede for første gang et elektronisk televisionssystem – April, 1939 – Worlds Fair i New York: RCA udfører den første offentlige demonstration af et fjernsynsapparat

1939 World Fair

50’erne – I 1952 broadcastede 108 stationer til 17 millioner husholdninger. • I slutningen af 10-året var der 559 stationer, og næsten 90 procent af amerikanske husstande havde et fjernsyn. – To nye formater: feature films og talk shows – Professionaliseringen af tv-nyheder og dokumentarer (broadcast journalism). • AT&T færdiggør deres omfattende kabelnetværk i sommeren 1951

Soap … –Colgate Comedy Hour –Buick Berle ShowBuick Berle Show –Camel News CaravanCamel News Caravan –Gillette Cavalcade of Sports –Goodyear TV Playhouse

Quiz-skandalen og det nye ”60 seconds advert spot” • The 1950s – The Quiz Show Scandal and skift i “single sponsorship”-modellen [ironisk tematisering: 70’ernes soap-operas …] • 1959: ændret forretningsmodellen efter skandale og kongres-undersøgelse i 1958 – Spot commercial sales—individuelle 60-second spots i differentierede programflader til annoncører

Men det forsvandt ikke af dén grund …

• I 50’erne flytter industrien fra New York til Hollywood • Akkumulering af produktionskræfter i forbindelse med tv-serier – Off-syndicate production

20’erne til 50’erne (fra radio til TV)

I love Lucy (CBS )

Joseph McCarthy • 1954: 36 dages live feed fra senatshøringer af ”de røde”

The Nielsen Ratings • Audimeter, Peoplemeter, Sweeps periods …

NBC – CBS – ABC (The Network Era: )

TV Landskabet •1950’erne-1970’erne: NBC, CBS, ABC dominerede + PBS

Mass Medium Stage •Dramatisk skift –1948: kun 1 % af Usa’s befolkning –Ejer et TV –Tidlig 60’er: mere end 90 %

Public Broadcasting Service • Fra 1970 (ejer/kontrollerer ca. 360 uafhængige tv-stationer)

60’erne • Perry Mason (1957 – 1966, CBS)

BONANZA (NBC, )

70’erne (Little House on the Prairie, NBC )

M*A*S*H (CBS, 1972 – 1983)

All in the Family (CBS, )

FOX – ”det fjerde over-air network” (fra 1987)

Decline of Network Era •SENE1970’ere: Big 3 networks Har mere end 90 % af seerfladen •Nu: Mindre end 50 % •Hvorfor?

Decline of Network Era •Technological Transformations 1. Satellites

Decline of Network Era •Technological Transformations 1. Satellites 2. VCRs--time shifting + movies

Decline of Network Era •Technological Transformations 1. Satellites 2. VCRs (video casette recordings) 3. FCC legislations: low power og full power stations

Decline of Network Era •Technological Transformations 1. Satellites 2. VCRs 3. FCC and Justice Dept: new rules •Networks can no longer air programs during 6:30-7 (to inspire local content) •Networks can’t get rich off of syndicating their own programming--had to sell those rights •Networks had to limit their own content

Decline of the Network Era For example, Networks can only produce: –5 hrs. of primetime entertainment/week –8 hrs. of non-primetime entertainment/week –TV newsmagazines are okay Made room for Independent programming

•Independent programming: –Aaron Spelling: BH –Stephen Bochco: NYPD Blue –Dick Wolf: Law&Order –Carsy Warner: Cosby, Roseanne –Joss whedon: Buffy –Aaron Sorkin: Sportsnight, West Wing

Decline of the Network Era –Disney owns ABC –Viacom owns CBS –GE owns NBC –News Corp. owns Fox –Viacom owns UPN (CW) –Time Warner owns WB (CW)